ArtÃculos
Attitude, perception and tolerance towards violence among Millennial Generation students
Published 2019-06-01
Keywords
- Violence - Statistics,
- Violence in education,
- Violence against women,
- Crimes against women,
- Behavior (psychology)
- Social problems,
- Social psychology ...More
How to Cite
Burgos-Ocasio, H., & Pinilla-DÃaz, A. R. (2019). Attitude, perception and tolerance towards violence among Millennial Generation students. Entorno, 67, 93-101. https://biblioteca2.utec.edu.sv/sitios/revistas_utec/index.php/entorno/article/view/580
Abstract
This exploratory study had the purpose of studying the gender differences of the millennium generation in regards to the attitudes, perception and tolerance towards violence. It took into account a sample of 78 university students from a public university in Puerto Rico. A sociodemographic information sheet was administered along with The Escala de Actitudes, Percepción y Tolerancia a la Violencia--Scale of Attitudes, Perception and Tolerance to Violence-- (Pinilla-DÃaz and BurgosOcasio, 2012). An analysis of the descriptive statistics for the sociodemographic data and differences between groups, by gender, was carried out using the Student´s t-distribution, in relation to the dependent variables: attitude, perception and tolerance to violence. In the variable attitude towards violence [t (75) = t -3.758, p = .001.] there are no significant differences between men (M = 53,789, SD = 6,115) and women (M = 59,590, SD = 4,271). This is also reported in the variable perception of violence: men (M = 79,083, D.E. = 23,916), and women (M = 88,667, D.E. = 19,598) [t (70) = -1,698, p = .097]. On the other hand, significant differences were found in the levels of tolerance, when compared between men (M = 27,522, SD = 22,520), and women, (M = 22,580, DE = 3,441) [t (71) = 3,796, p = .001]. In fact, the magnitude of the differences, in average, was a large one (Eta squared = .17). In another aspect, the levels of attitude and tolerance amongst women showed differences. The implications of exposure to violence, gender, and the millennial generation are discussed in addition to the need to conduct research among these variables and moral disconnection.Â
URI:Â http://hdl.handle.net/11298/961
DOI:Â https://doi.org/10.5377/entorno.v0i67.7502
Keywords: Violence - Statistics, Violence in education, Violence against women, Crimes against women, Behavior (psychology), Social problems, Social psychology.
References
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Anderson, C. A., & Morrow, M. (1995). Competitive aggression without interaction: Effects of competitive versus cooperative instructions on aggressive. Behavior in video games. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(10), 1020-1030.
Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., & Barlett, C. P. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: a metaanalytic review. Psychological Bulletin. 136(2), 151- 173. doi: 10.1037/a0018251
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive effects, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science. 12, 353-359.
Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 772-790.
Azar, B. (2010). Virtual violence. American Psychological Association, 41(11), 28.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193-209.
Bandura, A. (2006). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in support of military force: The impact of Sep. 11. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(2), 141-165.
Bandura, A. (2016). Moral Disengagement: how people do harm and live with themselves. New York: Worth Publishers.
Bosco, M. (2004). Brutally real: why ‘The Passion’ appeals to young people. Commonweal, 131, 9.
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2009). Comfortably numb: desensitizing effects of violent media on helping others. Psychological Science, 20, 273-277
Bushman, B. J., Calvert, S. L., Dredze, M., Jablonski, N. G., Morril, C., Romer, D., … Webster, D. W. (2016). Youth violence: what we know and what we need to know. American Psychologist, 71(1), 17-39.
Caprara, V., Scabini, E., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., Regalia, C., & Bandura, A. (1998). Impact of adolescents’ perceived self-regulatory effcacy on familial communication and antisocial conduct. European Psychologist, 3, 125-132.
Cooper, J., & Mackie, D. (1986). Video games and aggression in children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16(8), 726-744.
Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los Estados Unidos. (2001). Youth violence: a report of the Surgeon General. Recuperado de http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20669522
Dietz, T. L. (1998). An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles, 38(5/6), 425-443.
Fanti, K. A., Vanman, E., Hendrick, C. C., & Avraamides, M. N. (2009). Desensitization to media violence over a short period. Aggressive Behavior. 35, 170-187.
Feder, J., Levant, R. F. y Dean, J. (2010). Boys and violence: a gender-informed analysis. Psychology of Violence, 1, 3-12.
Funk, J. B., & Buchman, D.D. (1996). Playing violent video and computer games and adolescent self-concept. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 19-32.
Garbarino, J. (1999). Lost boys: why our sons turn violent and how we can save them. New York: Free Press.
Gelles, R. J. (2007). Family violence. En D.J Flannery, A.T. Vazsony & I.D. Waldman, (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression (403- 417). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Giménez-GarcÃa, C., Ballester-Arnal, R., Gil Llario, M., CastroCalvo, J., & DÃaz RodrÃguez, I. (2014). Roles de género y agresividad en la adolescencia. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 1(2), 373-382.
Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D. B., & Tolan, P. H. (2004). Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: the protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical and Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 439-449.
Griffth, M. (1999). Violent video games and aggression: A Review of the literature. Aggression and violent behavior, 4(10), 203-212.
Howe, N., & Straws, W. (1991). Generations: the history of America’s future. 1584 to 2069. New York: William Morrow and Company.
Howe, N., & Straws, W. (2000). Millenials rising: the next great generation. New York: Vintage.
Kaufman, M. (1989). Hombres: placer, poder y cambio. Santo Domingo: Ediciones Populares Feministas.
Keepers, G. A. (1990). Case study: pathological preoccupation with video games. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescence, 29(1), 49-50
Krahe, B., Moller, I., Huesmann L. R., Kirwil L., Felber, J., & Berguer A. (2010). Desensitization to media violence: links with habitual media violence exposure, and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 630-646. doi: 10.1037/a0021711
Kutner, L. y Olson, C. (2008). Humanizing an inhumane world: Grand theft childhood, video games and media violence. Conferencia ofrecida durante la Convención de APA, Boston, MA.
Lucca-RodrÃguez, J. A. (2015). Actitud, percepción y tolerancia a la violencia en un grupo de trabajadores sociales, orientadores y psicólogos que ofrecen servicios profesionales en las escuelas públicas en la región sur del sistema educativo de Puerto Rico. (Tesis doctoral inédita). Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico.
Mannheim, K. (1927). The problem of generations. En P. Kecskementi (Ed.), Karl Mannheim: Essays (276-322). New York: Routledge.
MartÃnez-González, M. B., Robles-Haydar, C. A., Amar-Amar, J. J. & Crespo-Romero, F. A. (2016). Crianza y desconexión moral en infantes: Su relación en una comunidad vulnerable de Barranquilla. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud. 14(1), 315-330.
McCrindle, M. (2007). Understanding generation Y. North Parramatta: Australian Leadership Foundation. Morales, M. (2005, 12 de noviembre). Impacto de la violencia en los menores. El Nuevo DÃa. Recuperado de http//:www.endi.com/ipirit.asp
Moreno, D., Jesús, S. N., Murgui, S., & MartÃnez, B. (2012). Un estudio longitudinal de la reputación social no conformista y la violencia en adolescentes desde la perspectiva del género. Psychosocial Intevention. 21, 67-75.
Negrón-Negrón, M. I. (2015). Relación entre los estilos de crianza percibidos y niveles de tolerancia a la violencia, en una muestra de adolescentes de 15-17 años. (Tesis de maestrÃa inédita). Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico.
ONU. (2010). Estudio sobre tolerancia social e institucional a la violencia basada en género en Colombia [versión de Adobe Acrobat Reader]. Recuperado de http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/ 48804/1/estudiosobretolerancia.pdf
Ortega, R., Sánchez, V., & Menesini, E. (2002). Violencia entre iguales y desconexión moral: un análisis transcultural. Psicothema. 14, 37-49.
Posada, R., & Parales C. J. (2012). Violencia y desarrollo social: Más allá de una perspectiva de trauma. Universitas Psychologica, 11(1), 255-267.
Pinilla-DÃaz, A. R., & Burgos-Ocasio, H. (2013). La violencia como sÃntoma de la fragmentación social en estudiantes universitarios: Análisis cualitativo de un conversatorio entre estudiantes de Trabajo Social y PsicologÃa. (ArtÃculo inédito.) Colegio de Estudios Graduados en Ciencias de la Conducta y Asuntos de la Comunidad. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico.
Pinilla-DÃaz, A.R. y Burgos-Ocasio, H. (2012). Generational and gender perspective toward violence among students. Presentación en la Conferencia Anual de la American Psychological Association.
Orlando, FL. Reich, W. (1990). Understanding terrorist behavior: The limits and opportunities of psychological inquiry. En W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind (261-279). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Reyes, J.C., Colón, H., & Moscoso, M. (2009). La violencia entre los adolescentes puertorriqueños y sus factores de riesgo y protección. Cuadernos de la Revista Cayey, 3, 43-73.
Reyes, H.L.M., Foshee, V. A., Niolon, P.H., Reidy, D.E., & Hall, J.E. (2016). Gender role attitudes and male adolescent dating violence perpetration: normative beliefs as moderators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 45(2), 350-360. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0278-0
Robertson, B. E. (2007). Generation’s perception towards dress policies. (Tesis doctoral inédita). University of Laverne, California, US.
Salas, M., & Pujol, V. (2001). Violencia masculina: Una mirada desde una perspectiva de género. Contribuciones a las Ciencias Sociales. Recuperado de http://www.eumed.net/rev/cccss/12/sppl.htm
Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The history of America’s future. New York: William Morrow & Company.
Shaul, C. (2007). The attitudes toward money as a reward system between the age groups corresponding to boomers, generation x and generation y employees. (Tesis doctoral inédita). Marshall Godsmith School of Management, Fresno, US.
VandenBoss, G.R. (Ed.). (2007). APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, D. C: American Psychological Association.
Williams, D., & Skoric, M. (2005). Internet fantasy violence: A test of aggression in an online game. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 217-233.
Anderson, C. A., & Ford, C.M. (1986). Effect of the game player: Short-term effects of highly and mildly aggressive video games. Personality & Social Psychology, 12(4), 390-401.
Anderson, C. A., & Morrow, M. (1995). Competitive aggression without interaction: Effects of competitive versus cooperative instructions on aggressive. Behavior in video games. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(10), 1020-1030.
Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., & Barlett, C. P. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: a metaanalytic review. Psychological Bulletin. 136(2), 151- 173. doi: 10.1037/a0018251
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive effects, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science. 12, 353-359.
Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 772-790.
Azar, B. (2010). Virtual violence. American Psychological Association, 41(11), 28.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193-209.
Bandura, A. (2006). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in support of military force: The impact of Sep. 11. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(2), 141-165.
Bandura, A. (2016). Moral Disengagement: how people do harm and live with themselves. New York: Worth Publishers.
Bosco, M. (2004). Brutally real: why ‘The Passion’ appeals to young people. Commonweal, 131, 9.
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2009). Comfortably numb: desensitizing effects of violent media on helping others. Psychological Science, 20, 273-277
Bushman, B. J., Calvert, S. L., Dredze, M., Jablonski, N. G., Morril, C., Romer, D., … Webster, D. W. (2016). Youth violence: what we know and what we need to know. American Psychologist, 71(1), 17-39.
Caprara, V., Scabini, E., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., Regalia, C., & Bandura, A. (1998). Impact of adolescents’ perceived self-regulatory effcacy on familial communication and antisocial conduct. European Psychologist, 3, 125-132.
Cooper, J., & Mackie, D. (1986). Video games and aggression in children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16(8), 726-744.
Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los Estados Unidos. (2001). Youth violence: a report of the Surgeon General. Recuperado de http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20669522
Dietz, T. L. (1998). An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles, 38(5/6), 425-443.
Fanti, K. A., Vanman, E., Hendrick, C. C., & Avraamides, M. N. (2009). Desensitization to media violence over a short period. Aggressive Behavior. 35, 170-187.
Feder, J., Levant, R. F. y Dean, J. (2010). Boys and violence: a gender-informed analysis. Psychology of Violence, 1, 3-12.
Funk, J. B., & Buchman, D.D. (1996). Playing violent video and computer games and adolescent self-concept. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 19-32.
Garbarino, J. (1999). Lost boys: why our sons turn violent and how we can save them. New York: Free Press.
Gelles, R. J. (2007). Family violence. En D.J Flannery, A.T. Vazsony & I.D. Waldman, (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression (403- 417). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Giménez-GarcÃa, C., Ballester-Arnal, R., Gil Llario, M., CastroCalvo, J., & DÃaz RodrÃguez, I. (2014). Roles de género y agresividad en la adolescencia. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 1(2), 373-382.
Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D. B., & Tolan, P. H. (2004). Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: the protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical and Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 439-449.
Griffth, M. (1999). Violent video games and aggression: A Review of the literature. Aggression and violent behavior, 4(10), 203-212.
Howe, N., & Straws, W. (1991). Generations: the history of America’s future. 1584 to 2069. New York: William Morrow and Company.
Howe, N., & Straws, W. (2000). Millenials rising: the next great generation. New York: Vintage.
Kaufman, M. (1989). Hombres: placer, poder y cambio. Santo Domingo: Ediciones Populares Feministas.
Keepers, G. A. (1990). Case study: pathological preoccupation with video games. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescence, 29(1), 49-50
Krahe, B., Moller, I., Huesmann L. R., Kirwil L., Felber, J., & Berguer A. (2010). Desensitization to media violence: links with habitual media violence exposure, and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 630-646. doi: 10.1037/a0021711
Kutner, L. y Olson, C. (2008). Humanizing an inhumane world: Grand theft childhood, video games and media violence. Conferencia ofrecida durante la Convención de APA, Boston, MA.
Lucca-RodrÃguez, J. A. (2015). Actitud, percepción y tolerancia a la violencia en un grupo de trabajadores sociales, orientadores y psicólogos que ofrecen servicios profesionales en las escuelas públicas en la región sur del sistema educativo de Puerto Rico. (Tesis doctoral inédita). Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico.
Mannheim, K. (1927). The problem of generations. En P. Kecskementi (Ed.), Karl Mannheim: Essays (276-322). New York: Routledge.
MartÃnez-González, M. B., Robles-Haydar, C. A., Amar-Amar, J. J. & Crespo-Romero, F. A. (2016). Crianza y desconexión moral en infantes: Su relación en una comunidad vulnerable de Barranquilla. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud. 14(1), 315-330.
McCrindle, M. (2007). Understanding generation Y. North Parramatta: Australian Leadership Foundation. Morales, M. (2005, 12 de noviembre). Impacto de la violencia en los menores. El Nuevo DÃa. Recuperado de http//:www.endi.com/ipirit.asp
Moreno, D., Jesús, S. N., Murgui, S., & MartÃnez, B. (2012). Un estudio longitudinal de la reputación social no conformista y la violencia en adolescentes desde la perspectiva del género. Psychosocial Intevention. 21, 67-75.
Negrón-Negrón, M. I. (2015). Relación entre los estilos de crianza percibidos y niveles de tolerancia a la violencia, en una muestra de adolescentes de 15-17 años. (Tesis de maestrÃa inédita). Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico.
ONU. (2010). Estudio sobre tolerancia social e institucional a la violencia basada en género en Colombia [versión de Adobe Acrobat Reader]. Recuperado de http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/ 48804/1/estudiosobretolerancia.pdf
Ortega, R., Sánchez, V., & Menesini, E. (2002). Violencia entre iguales y desconexión moral: un análisis transcultural. Psicothema. 14, 37-49.
Posada, R., & Parales C. J. (2012). Violencia y desarrollo social: Más allá de una perspectiva de trauma. Universitas Psychologica, 11(1), 255-267.
Pinilla-DÃaz, A. R., & Burgos-Ocasio, H. (2013). La violencia como sÃntoma de la fragmentación social en estudiantes universitarios: Análisis cualitativo de un conversatorio entre estudiantes de Trabajo Social y PsicologÃa. (ArtÃculo inédito.) Colegio de Estudios Graduados en Ciencias de la Conducta y Asuntos de la Comunidad. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico.
Pinilla-DÃaz, A.R. y Burgos-Ocasio, H. (2012). Generational and gender perspective toward violence among students. Presentación en la Conferencia Anual de la American Psychological Association.
Orlando, FL. Reich, W. (1990). Understanding terrorist behavior: The limits and opportunities of psychological inquiry. En W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind (261-279). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Reyes, J.C., Colón, H., & Moscoso, M. (2009). La violencia entre los adolescentes puertorriqueños y sus factores de riesgo y protección. Cuadernos de la Revista Cayey, 3, 43-73.
Reyes, H.L.M., Foshee, V. A., Niolon, P.H., Reidy, D.E., & Hall, J.E. (2016). Gender role attitudes and male adolescent dating violence perpetration: normative beliefs as moderators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 45(2), 350-360. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0278-0
Robertson, B. E. (2007). Generation’s perception towards dress policies. (Tesis doctoral inédita). University of Laverne, California, US.
Salas, M., & Pujol, V. (2001). Violencia masculina: Una mirada desde una perspectiva de género. Contribuciones a las Ciencias Sociales. Recuperado de http://www.eumed.net/rev/cccss/12/sppl.htm
Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The history of America’s future. New York: William Morrow & Company.
Shaul, C. (2007). The attitudes toward money as a reward system between the age groups corresponding to boomers, generation x and generation y employees. (Tesis doctoral inédita). Marshall Godsmith School of Management, Fresno, US.
VandenBoss, G.R. (Ed.). (2007). APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, D. C: American Psychological Association.
Williams, D., & Skoric, M. (2005). Internet fantasy violence: A test of aggression in an online game. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 217-233.